Bhavan's Balabodha - Lessons 1 to 3

Bhavan's Balabodha - Lessons 1 to 3

Simplest sentence in any language is a single-word sentence, such as ‘Go’ गच्छ.
We need words to be able to express ourselves in any language.
In Sanskrit words are  primarily of 3 types.

1. Nouns नाम, pronouns सर्वनाम, adjectives विशेषण - all these would have a gender लिङ्ग. They would hence be either masculine पुंल्लिङ्गि, neuter नपुंसकलिङ्गि or feminine स्त्रीलिङ्गि.
2. Verbs क्रियापदम् e.g. गच्छ are words formed from verbal roots e.g. गम् . The verbal root is called as धातु.
3. Adverbs, conjunctions, auxiliaries to verbs अव्ययम्.
1. For example, in ‘Go there’ तत्र गच्छ , ‘there’ तत्र is an adverb.
2. In a sentence ‘Go there and play’ तत्र गच्छ खेल च, ‘and’ च is a conjunction.
3. In a sentence ‘Do not go there’ तत्र मा गच्छ, the word ‘not’ मा or न is an auxiliary to the verb, helping to make a negative sentence.

In the single-word sentence ‘Go’ the single word is a verb क्रियापदम् . In the single-word sentence ‘Go’ the verb is in the imperative mood आज्ञार्थ. First we shall learn making sentences in the imperative mood आज्ञार्थ.
The subject in the imperative mood आज्ञार्थ is ‘You’ त्वम्.
Words from Lesson 1 प्रथमः पाठः
In the text-book a glossary of words is given. Here the same glossary is tabulated by sorting the words by different types.

No.	Masculine Noun पुंल्लिङ्गि नाम	Neuter Noun नपुंसकलिङ्गि नाम	Feminine Noun स्त्रीलिङ्गि नाम	Pronoun सर्वनाम	Adjective विशेषणम्	Adverb, Conjunction, Auxiliary to verb अव्ययम्	Verb (Verbal root) Imperative क्रियापदम् (धातु) आज्ञार्थ
1	पाठ lesson	पत्र letter		त्वम् you	एक one	न no, not	(पठ् to read) पठ
2		पुस्तक book			मधुर sweet	मा no, not	(लिख् to write) लिख
3		अक्षर letter of alphabet			स्वच्छ clean		(पा to drink) पिब
4		जल water			प्रथम first
5		दुग्ध milk
6		घृत ghee

1. Read and translate following sentences
१ त्वं पत्रं पठ = ---------- --------- ----------
२ त्वं पत्रं लिख = ---------- --------- ----------
३ त्वं दुग्धं पिब = ---------- --------- ----------
४ त्वं एकं पत्रं पठ  = ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
५ त्वं एकं पत्रं लिख = ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
६ त्वं मधुरं दुग्धं पिब = ---------- --------- ---------- ---------

2. Rewrite filling the blanks with proper words
१ त्वं -------- जलं -------- |
२ त्वं -------- पुस्तकं --------- |
३ त्वं पत्रं -------- |
४ एकं पुस्तकं ------ |
५ त्वं -------- घृतं ------------ |

3. Translate into Sanskrit
1 You write clear alphabets
2 Do not write a letter
3 Do not read a book
4 Drink sweet milk
5 Read a book

4. Make sentences using words from different columns in the table below.
Make both affirmative and negative sentences using/not using words in fourth column.

त्वम्

एकम् मधुरम् स्वच्छम्

पत्रम् दुग्धम् जलम् घृतम् पुस्तकम्

मा न

पिब लिख पठ

One can and should practise composing and translating (both ways - English to Sanskrit and vice versa) any number of sentences.

Words from Lesson 2 द्वितीयः पाठः

Masculine Noun पुंल्लिङ्गि नाम

Neuter Noun नपुंसक लिङ्गि नाम

Feminine Noun स्त्रीलिङ्गि नाम

Pronoun सर्वनाम

Adjective विशेषणम्

Adverb, Conjunction, Auxiliary to verb अव्ययम्

Verb क्रियापदम् (धातु) आज्ञा र्थ

7	अभ्यास study, practice	ओदन boiled rice			अलस lazy	अत्र here	(खेल् to play) खेल
8	व्यायाम exercise	गृह house, home			द्वितीय second	तत्र there	(कृ to do, to work) कुरु
9	मोदक sweet ball	मोदक sweetmeat			मोदक pleasing, tasting sweet	शीघ्रम् fast	(गम् to go) गच्छ
10		उद्यान garden				सत्वरम् immediately	(आ + गम् to come) आगच्छ
11		भोजन meal				अपि also	(खाद् to eat) खाद
12		कार्य work, job, task				च and	(क्रीड् to play) क्रीड
13						प्रतिदिनम् everyday	(भू to be, to exist) भव
14					प्रथम first	प्रथमम् first
15						पश्चात् later, from behind

Read and translate following sentences
१ तत्र क्रीड = ---------- --------- ----------
२ त्वं अत्र खेल = ---------- --------- ----------
३ कार्यं कुरु = ---------- --------- ----------
४ अलसः मा भव = ---------- --------- ----------
५ तत्र शीघ्रं गच्छ = ---------- --------- ----------
६ अत्र आगच्छ = ---------- ---------
७ प्रथमं व्यायामं कुरु = ---------- --------- ----------
८ पश्चात् भोजनं कुरु = ---------- --------- ----------
९ मोदकं खाद = ---------- ---------
१० ओदनं अपि खाद = ---------- --------- ----------
११ उद्यानं गच्छ = ---------- --------- ----------
१२ गृहं सत्वरं आगच्छ = ---------- --------- ----------

More Exercise from Lessons 1 and 2  

1	You read letter
2	You write a letter
3	You drink milk
4	Do not read a book
5		त्वम् एकं पत्रं पठ
6		त्वं एकं पत्रं लिख
7		त्वं मधुरं दुग्धं पिब
8		सत्वरं अत्र आगच्छ
9	Don’t be lazy
10	Go there fast
11	You drink clean water
12	Eat boiled rice also
13		प्रथमं व्यायामं कुरु
14		ओदनं अपि खाद
15		पश्चात् भोजनं कुरु
16		उद्यानं गच्छ तत्र खेल च

One can and should practise composing and translating (both ways - English to Sanskrit and vice versa) any number of sentences.

Words from Lesson 3 तृतीयः पाठः

	Masculine Noun पुंल्लिङ्गि नाम	Neuter Noun नपुंसक लिङ्गि नाम	Feminine Noun स्त्रीलिङ्गि नाम	Pronoun सर्वनाम	Adjective विशेषणम्	Adverb, Conjunction, Auxiliary to verb अव्ययम्	Verb क्रियापदम् (धातु) आज्ञा र्थ
16	सूर्य sun	यान cart		किम् what, who	तृतीय third	पुनः again
17		सत्य truth			दुर्बल weak	इदानीम् now
18						तदानीम् then
19						उपरि above
20						पुरस्तात् in the front
21						अधस्तात् down, from below

.Exercises -
1. Translate into Sanskrit

1. Do not bring the cart here.
2. Come home
3. Stop in front
4. Come up.
5. Go down
6. Do not run there.
7. You dance now.
8. Do not dance there.
9. Come forth.
10. Speak the truth.
11. See forth and downwards
12. Do not look upwards.
13. Do not run again.
14. Take meals now.
15. Drink water afterwards.

One can and should practise composing and translating (both ways - English to Sanskrit and vice versa) any number of sentences.

More sentences from Question paper of Feb 2008 examination -

1. (You) write a letter. (Imperative)
2. (You) drink sweet milk. (Imperative)
3. Afterwards eat meal.
4. Protect the weak.
5. Drink clean water.

More sentences from Question paper of Feb 2012 examination -

1. First do exercise.
2. Write clear letters.
3. Always speak the truth.

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